Notes Feb 7-18

Heart of Darkness Discussions
Day 2

• Symbolism of Geography acts like a map 
• create philosophical areas
• inner station and outer station
• corrupted sense of paradise, serpent references- Garden of Eden
• What is he trying to tell us about the world?
• Women in Heart of Darkness:
• old wise ones- 2 knitting ladies, aunt
• Marlow- likes to keep the women ignorant and living in a happy fantasy world
• uncomfortable with women- african woman, aunt
• Man in patches- idolizes Kurtz
• represents...
• Joseph- colorful coat, servant to pharoah
• or like a Jester- can't be taken seriously, holy fool, archetype
• Kurtz= demon king
• Preexisting relationship between Kurtz and African women (powerful female figure) 
• described like a goddess
• wilderness looks at her like its looking at its own soul- anima
• Kurtz' real love is the Congo--> personifies Africa
• Heart of Darkness
• Africa mysterious, corrupted by European colonization
• going up river- going through Hell (down river- through paradise)
• Marlow enlightened by trip, but not made better?
• didn't find it a negative experience though
• Is it paradise or purgatory or is he saying they're the same thing?
• Dante's Inferno allusion
• looked at map- river looked like a serpent- Eden

Day 3

• FRAME STORY- narrator (frame narrator) doesn't actually narrate the whole story- just introduces.narrator of main story (Marlow)
• Why do we need narrative frame?
• we can see narrator from third person point of view- reliability 
• "The Lawyer" and "The Accountant" and "The Director" are listening- relating it to world
• nameless
• sitting on a river telling story in the dark- parallels the Congo- wouldn't have setting if it wasn't a Frame Tale
• No reflection if not a Frame Tale
• Against economic imperialism but what about cultural imperialism (forcing your culture on another group)?
• Kurtz in latin means- incomplete, mutilated, short 

The Final Exam... and what to focus on for AP Exam

• Purpose of word
• Rhetorical function question- What is the strategy chosen to accomplish in overall piece?
• Diction Question- isolate one word for discussion. 
• Tone question- asks about narrator's attitude.
• Detail: they said this, and in the passage this happened... (evidence)
• Language: identifying techniques
• Syntax: structure and grammar of sentences
• Study TECHNIQUES AND VOCAB (comic character, asyndeton, a conceit, apostrophe, didactic, ect.)
• Analyzing excerpts of literature
• Why a character does something
• style- choices author made to create effect
• have to read symbols in context
• understanding meaning of poems
• biblical and mythological allusions
• renaissance vs. Aristotle's theory of tragedy
• revenge tragedy- Seneca, ghosts, and Shakespeare- no oracles

Apocalypse Now- The movie is basically the same story as Heart of Darkness, but instead of Africa, it is set in Vietnam during the Vietnam War. 

Notes Jan 24- Feb 4

Novels, Allegories, and Narrative Pattern

Lecture Summary: Medievalism and Allegory

• Allegory: type of extended metaphor in which objects and persons within a ext represent meanings that lie outside the text.
• Medieval Allegory: 
• hallmark of medieval literature
• characters personified abstract qualities (envy, truth, or gluttony) or events like death.
• Everyman: 
• main character represents all of humankind- Everyman figure- character is unnamed and or given vague and general personal characteristics
• setting- mythic or has fairy tale quality
• type of Medieval drama- morality play
• Moralities employed allegory to dramatize the moral struggle Christianity envisions universal in every individual.
• The Divine Comedy:
• allegorical vision of the Christian afterlife
• led through three realms of dead
• Dante represents ordinary person who seeks salvation and finds that reason is both a help and a hindance

The Novel

• What makes a novel?
• not applied to extended prose pieces written before the 18th centurey
• always fiction, but not alway prose
• under 50,000 words- "novella"
• doesn't imply a certain structure
• always contain narrative- may be non-traditional (like stream-of-consciousness)
• only works with enduring literary merit (not really a part of the definition)
• Common Types of Novels
• Prose Romance
• set in historical past 
• plot emphasizes adventure and a non realistic atmosphere
• characters: sharply drawn as villains or heroes, masters or victims
• Novel of Incident
• focuses on what the protagonist will do next and how the story will turn out
• Novel of Character
• focuses on protagonist's motives, how he/she will turn out
• Novel of Manners
• defines social mores of a specific group
• Epistolary Novel
• first person narrative
• form of letters, journals, or diaries
• Picaresque Novel
• adventures of an eccentric or disreputable hero in episodic form 
• Historical Novel
• set in a period earlier than that of the writing
• Regional Novel
• habits, speech, and folklore of a particular geographical section
• Bildungsroman
• novel of growth- development of the protagonist's mind, spirit, and character from childhood to adulthood
• Roman a clef
• imaginary events with real people disguised as fictional characters
• Roman-fleuve
• common theme or range of characters that stretch across a number of novels.
• Sociological
• problems and injustices of society, making moral judgments and offering resolution
• Stream of Consciousness
• total range of thoughts, memories, in uninterrupted, endless flow
• Gothic
• desolate setting and mysterious events
• atmosphere of terror
• Gothic Romance
• stormy love relationship
• violent, brooding atmosphere
• Satirical 
• reveals human folly and vices through wit
• hope for reform

Heart of Darkness Discussion day 1

• 2 women knitting black wool
• dark humor
• racist, hair of african people, does Conrad/narrator get it?
• dark humor, irony
• Time period?
• start of modernism
• universal truth, suffering
• allegory cave reference
• Kurtz- God/ Jesus figure?
• part English and part French
• does everything- music, painting, etc.
• represents Europe colonization of Africa- negative

Outside Reading: Book Review #3

 Book Review: "Forbidden Planet"
By M.G. Lord
published December 29, 2010

     In M.G. Lord's book review of "How I Killed Pluto," by Mike Brown, he uses critical perspectives such as feminism and formalism for his analysis of the novel. Without quite giving the reader a definite thumbs up or down for the book, M.G. Lord skillfully highlights what he believes to be the novel's positives and negatives, allowing the reader to make their decision about the book for themselves.

     Lord begins by telling the reader the surprise he felt when he realized the novel was actually not really about Pluto and the decision on the ninth and tenth planets at all. Instead, his most memorable part of the novel was the "scene in which Brown groggily dumped cat litter instead of detergent into his washing machine," because of his exhaustion from taking care of his new baby daughter (1). This leads to his feminist critical perspective of Brown's book. "How I Killed Pluto," unexpectedly turning out to be the "chronicles of infant development," causes M.G. Lord to believe that much of the novel is a stand on gender discrimination in science.

      After discussing the feminist aspect of the piece, M.G. Lord moves on to discussing it with a formalism perspective. The writer identifies one of Brown's strengths in the novel as the emotional element added to the scientist. Although occasionally "stopped by irrelevancies," readers are "swept along by the thrill of a gigantic story" (2). Using fantastic tone, Brown shares his emotional experience with the reader, allowing them to feel the excitement and aggravation along with him. Although M.G. Lord emphasizes positive elements of the novel, including the tone and feminist stance, he also questions the importance of the magnitude of time spent reading and writing about his fathering experience. Is it symbolic? How is it related to Pluto? And after his emphasis on female scientist would women really be taken seriously after writing a book with so much of that content in it? Lord does a great job leaving the question open for the reader to think about and make their own judgements, only giving a slightly implied opinion.

       Some connections between this book review and English class could be the attention paid to feminism. In "Death of Salesman," we had a large discussion on Linda's character and the other women characters of the novel. Also Ophelia's character in "Hamlet" is another female character we spent a while discussing. We seemed to focus on typical female stereotypes, whether they are show up in the play or the writer is going against them.

       Overall, M.G. Lord does a great job communicating the feeling and content of the piece, using feminism and formalism critical perspectives. He gives a clear enough, but subjective view of the novel, leaving much of it for the reader to discover when they read the book.

Outside Reading: Editorial #3

Editorial: "Anonymity and the Dark Side of the Internet"
By Stanley Fish
published January 3, 2011

      Stanley Fish's editorial, "Anonymity and the Dark Side of the Internet," uses a strong voice and many supporting examples to persuade the readers that a speaker's identity of a piece of information is crucial to understand the text's full meaning. The emphasis of his discussion is based on internet liability.

       
      Fish starts his piece with perfect English persuasive formatting, beginning with the other side's argument and then countering it with his opinion and supporting details. Arguing that a text's meaning is really not the same whether there is a known speaker or not, the writer gives two reasons. One of which is that Fish believes leaving the speaker anonymous is a way of avoid[ing] responsibility and accountability for what one is saying. This is a horrible problem on the internet with internet bloggers who can cause others harm without guilt of them knowing it was them, or having to see their reaction to it. There is also the problem of whether a piece of information is the truth when the source is unknown and possibly unreliable. Fish gives the example that if one receives an anonymous text, the reader of the text can't be sure if she should believe it. The reliability depends on whether it's the class gossiper of her trustful friend.

       The writer of this editorial not only gives his complaint of internet anonymity, but also gives a solution to the problem, involving repealing a section of the Communications Decency Act basically saying that "the provider is not liable for what others have said." This has been interpreted by courts as a way of "immunizing providers even when they 'have knowledge that [a statement] is defamatory or invasive of privacy.'”

         Fish successfully achieved his communication purposes, using a clear, confident voice, reinforced with some great evidence and ideas. Myself as the reader, was completely turned to his side of the argument based on his facts and persuasive writing style.

Outside Reading: Reflective Essay #3

Reflective Essay: "Enigma: Asking the Mind to Jump Through Hoops"
By Teller
published December 6, 2010

       In this reflective essay, Teller uses a dinner conversation between his friends to discuss the idea of mental games like puzzles and what their point is. Teller questions them using a logical and persuasive tone. He argues that instead of "deliberately expos[ing] yourself to stress and frustration," why wouldn't you spend your time more usefully (1)? Then he switches to a more thoughtful tone as his guests give their opinion and teach him the importance the puzzles have. 

       

      The guests begin to convince Teller about the importance of puzzles using personal experiences about ways they can impact ones life. One guest shares his puzzle experience as a way to learn that one can break down difficult and overwhelming problems to solve them in a simpler way, helping as a historian to write history. Another guest tells how he makes workouts more effective by teaching people to "break down the lifting movement in their heads, like his puzzle... to identify which muscles need to fire" (2). The next guest shares her experience of crossword puzzles as a way to bond with her mother and build a strong vocabulary. After more discussion involving a sour cranberry in the cranberry sauce and magic tricks that "drive people crazy and scare them to death," they come to the conclusion that "pain... can be pleasure"(4). 

      

      By writing his reflective essay as a discussion with a persuasive and thought provoking tone, Teller successfully gets his point across. Rather than a whole paper trying to explain why he believes pain can be pleasure, he shows us the conversations that led to this conclusion, helping the reader understand the idea much more.  This tone would work for an AP essay because it is appropriate and easily understandable. 

      Teller does a fantastic job using a persuasive, thoughtful, and logical tone in a conversation setting to justify his explanation that, "whether in a jigsaw, a workout, a crossword, a magic trick or a too-tart fruit," oddly enough people enjoy this pain anyway (4). 

Notes Jan 3-7

Death of Salesman Discussion

• Why does Miller use non realistic techniques?
• What are they and now do they follow important precept "forum follows function" (every choice is made for meaning)?
• How does Linda "mother" her husband?
• Is this a healthy dynamic?
• Do her son's have to compete for her maternal love?

• What is purpose of Ben?
• Willy looks up to Ben
• Sees Ben as successful and wants to be like him so causes him to not give up trying to achieve his unrealistic dream 
• separated from reality of the play- can't actually help family financially
• Ben= American Dream -> dead
• goes away to exploit other areas, take things, and get money
• "man is not an orange whose peel can just be thrown away when they're done"- but they are in this play- Willy fighting against it
• Flashbacks- choppy and confusing- reflects Willy's confusion
• flashbacks usually positive- false ideas about past- idea that those were the good days
• Two iconic cars
• Chevy= american dream
• cleaning car- encouraging american dream
• Studibaker= dream doomed to fail
• dies in car
• Willy's contradictions:
• material things (car refrigerator)= his success and money
• at one point says how great they are
• at another he feels victimized by them- how bad they are and losing money from them
• says "Gee" is a boy's word and then he says it
• Failed in everything
• even his own death- wanted death of a salesman- but nobody showed up at his funeral
• Linda
• Is she respectful for letting them fool themselves or is it more respectful to make them face reality?
• Willy not fully adult- is called "kid," says "gee"
• dairy product motif- always getting dairy products for Willy- breast feeding
• accepts less from Willy, wants him to always be happy, doesn't treat him like he's her equal and with respect, doesn't challenge him.
• how does this effect their relationships?
• Biff and Happy don't treat women well- learned from their father
• Archetypal american escape fantasy- go out west, get married and have a ranch- Biff, of Mice and Men

• Difference between success and happiness?
• Willy thought he needed success (money, respect, and material goods) to be happy.
• 2 brothers motif
• Ben and Willy= Biff and Happy? -pattern
• Ben and Biff- went away for happiness and success
• Willy and Happy- seek approval from father figure

• Possible to have the wrong dream?
• Willy saw one salesman and said he would be happy doing that 
• never changed idea -> little kids have irrational dreams that change over time as they learn about themselves- all stuck in boyhood

Notes Dec 13-17

Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead

"Life in a box is better than no life at all" -thematic element

• Just like their life
• they're living in a box waiting for someone to come knocking

Playwright is God and we are the characters.

They (characters) have no control on the world- their outcome and role is already predetermined.

• Hamlet's identity and choices are already made for him.
• Would it have been better to not have been born at all?