Figures of speech examples and other definitions: http://www.buzzle.com/articles/figures-of-speech-examples.html
Chapter 5: Figurative Language- Simile, Metaphor, Personification, Apostrophe, Metonymy
- Figure of Speech- any way of saying something other than the ordinary way
- adds extra dimensions
- can say what we want more vividly and forcefully
- saying one thing while meaning another
- Figurative Language-uses figures of speech
- not taken literally
- simile and metaphor
- 4 forms
- both literal and figurative terms are named
- literal term named and figurative term is implied
- literal term implied and figurative term named
- both literal and figurative terms are implied
- Personification- gives animals, objects or concepts human-like attributes
- Apostrophe- addressing someone absent or dead or something nonhuman as if the person were present and alive and could reply
- Synecdoche and Metonymy-
- both substitute detail/quality of experience for experience itself
- common examples in language:
- red head (red haired person)
- tongues (languages)
- boiling kettle (water in kettle)
- metonymy v. synecdoche http://www.buzzle.com/articles/metonymy-vs-synecdoche.html
- "Imaginative pleasure," bring additional imagery, add emotional intensity, brief way of saying something
Chapter 6: Figurative Language- Symbol and Allegory
- Symbol- something that means more than it is.
- wary in degree of identification and definition given to them by their authors.
- http://www.offthemark.com/search-results/key/symbol/
- Allegory- narrative or description that has a second meaning beneath the surface
Chapter 7: Figurative Language- paradox, overstatement, understatement, irony
- Paradox- an apparent contradiction that is nevertheless somehow true
- a situation or statement
- Overstatement (or hyperbole)- exaggeration of truth
- adding emphasis to what you mean
- example: "i'll die if I don't pass this class."
- humorous, grave, restrained, convincing or unconvincing
- Understatement- say less than one means
- example: "this looks like a nice shack."
- said with less force than situation should requires
- Irony- has meanings that extend beyond it's use.
- Verbal Irony- saying opposite of what one means
- *not sarcasm or satire- imply ridicule
- sarcasm- bitter speech intended to wound a person's feelings
- satire- more formal, written literature
- higher motive-ridicule of human folly or vice
- to bring reform or keep people from falling into similar folly
- **doesn't have to use sarcastic intent
- example: "Here's some bad news for you; you got all A's and B's." (ironic but not sarcastic)
The Rhetorical Situation- the context of communication
- Evaluate elements of communication to figure out how to respond
- Rhetoric- art of communication
- Elements-
- Subject: what is your topic? main ideas?
- Purpose: what you want to get out of this.
- Main purposes-
- Entertain- rousing emotion/imagination
- Reflect- reflecting "us" (journals, blogs, etc)
- Inform- convey facts (dictionary, encyclopedia, etc)
- Persuade- change audience's ideas (editorials, political, speeches, etc)
- Audience: who are you writing to? (age, education level, expectations)
- Speaker(Persona): what kind of person do you want to seem like? (yourself/fictional personality, attitude) what would connect you to audience?
- Think ahead to avoid bad communication.
Argument- persuasive communication
- Logical Argument (logos)
- Appeals to Ethnics (ethos)
- Appeals to Emotions (pathos)
- Parts:
- conclusion and premise
- thesis
- claim- an assertion- idea not a simple fact. Series of claims to support thesis.
- warrant- explanation of reasoning- warrants tie evidence to claims. *don't leave reasoning in head!
- evidence- facts that show that your claims are reasonable.
- necessary- "needed"- necessary elements of an argument or things that can't be ignored. Individual ideas.
- sufficient- "enough"- when condition of sufficiency is met, you have done enough to make your case.
- many types of arguments (proposal, of evolution, of fact)
- (we will mostly write cause and effect arguments)
- Steps:
- Thesis
- consider rhetorical situations- audience, expectations
- make a plan- what's problem, analysis, side I've chosen
- claim, evidence, warrants, evidence, warrants...
- no gaps in chain of dominoes- so last domino (thesis) tips.
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